---name: laravel-queuesdescription: Laravel 13 queue and job patterns — driver choice, job design (idempotency, ShouldQueue, model serialisation), retry and failure handling, worker scaling, Bus batching and chaining, Horizon when warranted, queue testing. Use when designing async jobs, scheduling background work, configuring Horizon, debugging stuck jobs, or auditing queue health. Triggers on "Laravel queue", "Laravel job", "background job", "Horizon setup", "failed jobs", "Bus batch", "queue worker tuning".license: MITmetadata: author: agent-skillsversion: 1.0.0---

Laravel Queues & Jobs

Production-grade queue patterns for Laravel 13 (MySQL + Redis). Contains 20 rules across 6 categories covering driver choice, job design, retry/failure handling, worker scaling, batching/chaining, and testing. Targets the failure modes that pass code review but break under load — silent re-dispatch on retry, models stale on serialisation, missing idempotency on payment jobs, workers leaking memory, and "we forgot ShouldQueue and the request takes 12 seconds in production."

Metadata

• Version: 1.0.0
• Scope: PHP / Laravel 13 + MySQL + Redis (queues), optional Horizon
• Rule Count: 20 rules across 6 categories
• License: MIT

How to Use

When the user asks "design this background job", "audit our queue setup", "why is this job not running", or anything queue-related — work through this skill's rules as a checklist against the relevant files (job classes, config/queue.php, config/horizon.php, supervisor config, the dispatching call sites).

For audit mode, output per-rule verdicts:

• PASS — pattern correctly applied
• FAIL — anti-pattern present (with file:line + fix recommendation)
• N/A — does not apply to this codebase

End with a top-priority fix list (idempotency on payment jobs, missing ShouldQueue, supervisor stopwaitsecs too low — these are the most common production-bite issues).

When to Apply

Reference this skill when:

• Writing a new background job (php artisan make:job)
• Reviewing a PR that adds or modifies a job class
• Setting up queue workers on a new server (Forge / Vapor / bare server)
• Configuring config/queue.php or config/horizon.php
• Debugging a stuck, looping, or repeatedly-failing job
• Choosing between dispatch(), dispatchSync(), dispatchAfterResponse(), Bus::batch(), Bus::chain()
• Adding queue testing (Queue::fake(), Bus::fake())
• Deciding whether to adopt Horizon

Step 1: Detect Queue Setup

Inspect:

File	What to learn
config/queue.php	Default connection (QUEUE_CONNECTION env), failed-jobs storage, after_commit setting
config/horizon.php (if present)	Horizon environments, balance strategy, worker counts, timeouts
app/Jobs/*.php	Job classes, ShouldQueue usage, tries/backoff, failed() methods
app/Console/Kernel.php or routes/console.php	Scheduled jobs (Schedule::job(...), withoutOverlapping)
database/migrations/*_create_failed_jobs_table.php	Failed-jobs storage migration; or DynamoDB driver in config
supervisor*.conf / /etc/supervisor/conf.d/	Worker process management, numprocs, --max-time, stopwaitsecs

Typical setups:

Stack	Queue driver	Failed driver	Worker manager
Small Laravel + MySQL	database	database	Supervisor (or systemd)
Production Laravel + Redis	redis	database (or dynamodb for serverless)	Supervisor + Horizon
Laravel Vapor	sqs	dynamodb	Vapor-managed

Rule Categories by Priority

Priority	Category	Impact	Prefix
1	Driver & Config	CRITICAL	config-
2	Job Design	CRITICAL	design-
3	Retry & Failure	HIGH	retry-
4	Scaling & Workers	HIGH	scaling-
5	Batching & Chaining	HIGH	bus-
6	Testing & Operations	MEDIUM	ops-

Quick Reference

1. Driver & Config (CRITICAL)

• config-driver-choice — database for small apps; redis for production scale; sqs for Laravel Vapor
• config-after-commit — set after_commit: true to prevent dispatching jobs that reference uncommitted DB rows
• config-failed-storage — failed_jobs table is required (or DynamoDB on Vapor); set up retention/cleanup

2. Job Design (CRITICAL)

• design-shouldqueue — every async job MUST implement ShouldQueue (the #1 production bug: forgetting it makes the job run synchronously)
• design-pass-ids-not-models — pass IDs to the constructor; refetch in handle() — avoids stale models and bloated serialised payloads
• design-idempotency — payment, external API, and "create resource" jobs must be safe to run twice (ShouldBeUnique, idempotency keys, unique DB constraints)
• design-constructor-vs-handle — constructor runs at dispatch (sync); handle() runs on the worker. No DB writes or HTTP calls in the constructor.

3. Retry & Failure (HIGH)

• retry-tries-and-backoff — set both: #[Backoff([1, 5, 30])] for exponential delays; default 3 tries is usually too few for transient failures
• retry-failed-method — implement failed(Throwable $e) for permanent-failure handling (alert, refund, mark-as-failed)
• retry-transient-vs-permanent — release($delay) for transient errors (rate-limited, network); throw for permanent
• retry-fail-on-timeout — #[FailOnTimeout] to avoid burning all attempts on hung jobs

4. Scaling & Workers (HIGH)

• scaling-supervisor-config — Supervisor (or systemd) manages workers; stopwaitsecs > timeout; --max-time=3600 to recycle
• scaling-multi-queue-priority — high/default/low queue lanes for SLA-critical jobs; --queue=high,default,low
• scaling-worker-recycling — --max-jobs and --max-time to combat memory leaks in long-running workers

5. Batching & Chaining (HIGH)

• bus-batch-vs-chain — Bus::batch for parallel + progress tracking; Bus::chain for strict sequential
• bus-batch-failure-handling — allowFailures() for fault-tolerant batches; use then/catch/finally callbacks
• bus-chunking-large-sets — for 1000+ items, chunk via Bus::batch(...) rather than one job per item

6. Testing & Operations (MEDIUM)

• ops-queue-fake — Queue::fake() / Bus::fake() in tests; assertDispatched, assertPushed, assertChained, assertBatched
• ops-schedule-queued-jobs — Schedule::job(new X)->everyMinute() queues the job; pair with withoutOverlapping() for safety
• ops-horizon-when — adopt Horizon when on Redis with multiple supervisors; not for database queue or single-worker setups

Essential Patterns

Minimum-viable job class (Laravel 13)

<?php

namespace App\Jobs;

use App\Models\Order;
use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Bus\Dispatchable;
use Illuminate\Queue\Attributes\Backoff;
use Illuminate\Queue\Attributes\FailOnTimeout;
use Illuminate\Queue\InteractsWithQueue;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
use Throwable;

#[Backoff([1, 5, 30])]
#[FailOnTimeout]
class ChargeOrder implements ShouldQueue
{
    use Dispatchable, InteractsWithQueue, Queueable, SerializesModels;

    public int $tries = 5;
    public int $timeout = 30;

    public function __construct(public readonly int $orderId) {}

    public function handle(StripeGateway $stripe): void
    {
        $order = Order::findOrFail($this->orderId);   // refetch — don't trust serialised state
        if ($order->status === 'paid') return;        // idempotency guard

        $charge = $stripe->charge($order);
        $order->markPaid($charge->id);
    }

    public function failed(Throwable $e): void
    {
        Order::find($this->orderId)?->markPaymentFailed($e->getMessage());
    }
}

Dispatching

ChargeOrder::dispatch($order->id);                       // default queue
ChargeOrder::dispatch($order->id)->onQueue('high');      // priority lane
ChargeOrder::dispatch($order->id)->delay(now()->addMinutes(5));
ChargeOrder::dispatchAfterResponse($order->id);          // run after HTTP response sent

Supervisor config (recommended)

[program:laravel-worker]
process_name=%(program_name)s_%(process_num)02d
command=php /var/www/app/artisan queue:work redis --queue=high,default,low --sleep=3 --tries=3 --max-time=3600 --backoff=3
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stopasgroup=true
killasgroup=true
user=forge
numprocs=8
redirect_stderr=true
stdout_logfile=/var/www/app/storage/logs/worker.log
stopwaitsecs=3600

Critical: stopwaitsecs must be greater than your longest job's timeout, or Supervisor will kill mid-job on deploy.

References

• Laravel 13 — Queues
• Laravel 13 — Horizon
• Laravel 13 — Task Scheduling
• Supervisor — A Process Control System

Full Compiled Document

For the complete guide with all rules expanded: AGENTS.md